Sergeant York (Premiered on July 2, 1941 at the Aston Theatre in NYC)

Gary Cooper - Alvin C. York

Joan Leslie - Gracie Williams

Walter Brennan - Pastor Pile

Alvin York from The Valley of the Three Forks of the Wolf in Cumberland Tennessee was a pacifist. His religious beliefs forbade him to kill. However, the United States government had other ideas and so York was sent off to serve in the Army during WWI in Europe. There he became the most decorated hero of WWI.

Producer Jesse Lasky approached Alvin York in 1919 while he was in NYC for his ticker tape parade concerning making a movie about his exploits. York quickly turned him down and continued...for the next 20 years. In 1939 when World War II was breaking out and Lasky thought that York's story could serve "as a wake-up call for Americans," he once again decided to approach Alvin York who, again, turned him down. In 1940, deciding to do it face to face, he went to Tennessee. He took a train from California to Crossville TN and then took a jitney to Jamestown TN. He then walked 13 miles to Alvin York's home. Again, Alvin York said no. Well, Lasky was not going to walk 13 miles back so he stayed.

While in the area, he began to interview York's friends. He got to know who Alvin York really was. He discovered that he first had to overcome the issue that York thought movies were a sin. During this time he also was able to spend more time with York which lead to an unexpected friendship between the two men. Though he did not agree to the movie, York agreed to meet with Harry Warner. He found Warner to be a devote Jew and that they were very much alike. After developing an empathy for the Jews, in March of 1940 he signed the release allowing the film to be made—with conditions. He didn't want to become famous for taking lives so he wanted the film to be about his life after the war.

The contract that Alvin York signed included the stipulation that he had final say over the cast. First, he required that Gary Cooper play the part of him. No Cooper, no movie. A choice that thrilled Warner. Second, the actress who played his wife could not be a glamour girl and could not smoke, drink, or swear. So, they cast 16-year old Joan Leslie. Very appropriate since Gracie was actually 16 at the time depicted in the movie. Sixteen-year-old Joan Leslie's part behind the scenes is a story in itself.

The war that is occurring in Europe was very much an American concern. Now they were further compelled to convince York that the movie needed to show his exploits in order to rally Americans. To their surprise, York who had lobbied against war, agreed. Cooper was uneasy. He needed assurances that York was in agreement so before signing, he went to visit York. He found that York truly wanted this to be a wake-up call and they became friends. Remaining so until Gary Cooper died in 1961. Both were hunters, liked the outdoors and shared values.

There were still difficulties though. According to the Neutrality Act America cannot make movies to promote interventionism which is exactly what Sergeant York was meant to do. The way that the film is set up, takes the story around that issue. A clear part of the movie is York's battle with "Thou shall not kill." Even after he has come to terms with this, the movie never preaches war.

The movie opens with the hell-raising Alvin interrupting the church service. He and his friends have been shooting and yelling so loudly that the pastor ends the service. When they go outside they see the results of the shooting. Pastor: "'Twasn't Alvin shooting Mother York. 'Twas the liquor." Mother York: "Mighty find liquor shootin'." When she goes to the general store to talk to the Pastor (he also owns the general store), they agree that Alvin needs religion. Pastor talks to him but he's not so convinced, not ready. It takes a dramatic event of God to make Alvin realize his needs. The way it occurred in the movie is fiction but he "found religion" which changed his life.

"Give Me That Old Time Religion" - The result is an amazing transformation in his life. No more drinking, swearing, or partying. He begins to study his Bible and to teach Sunday school classes. Then the events of the world outside of the Cumberlands (Dan'l Boone territory!) hits home. The United States Government wants him for service in fighting the war across the ocean. "Where's Europe?" This is a problem with is new found faith. As he reads scripture, "the Book is agin' war so war is agin the Book." He registers as a conscientious objector. Unfortunately, the church to which he belongs does is not recognized by the government so his many requests are denied. When the government comes calling, he does his duty and goes to war.

It's in his records that he is a conscientious objector and is egged on by the Sergeants. Alvin is challenged by his superiors to search the Scriptures and to read the history of America and is given 10 days leave to contemplate his situation. If after that he hasn't changed his mind, his request for the status of conscientious objector will be granted. "Done give me a powerful lot to think about." While studying God's Word and reading the history of his country, he reads the words of Jesus in Matthew 20:21 "render unto Caesar the things of Caesar." He also begins to understand that there are those who are seeking to take from him the freedoms that he and all Americans are blessed with as the Major explains to him. He realizes that by fighting in the war, he is fighting those who are trying to kill Americans and that he needs to serve God and his Country.

During training, he teaches other soldiers things that he has learned while hunting in the woods of Tennessee. Those same things that helped him in the heat of battle while in France. In one particular battle, his division comes under heavy fire from the German machine gun nests. So much so that many are killed or injured. That leaves him as the leader and with the weight of the decisions. Returning to his Cumberland roots, he begins to pick off the Germans the way he picked off the turkeys back home.

What does he do? Enough to become the most decorated soldier in World War I including being awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor!

Unfortunately, a month after it's premier, Congress stepped in and created Senate Resolution 152- stating that movies violated America's neutrality. Senator Nye accused the Roosevelt administration of forcing the movie industry to make anti Hitler movies and publicly attacked Alvin York for visiting Roosevelt at the White House. That day, the movie was withdrawn and it's second release was postponed until July 4, 1942. The fight continued...then came Pearl Harbor.

One of the difficult things in making the movie is that Gary Cooper is 40 years old yet Joan Leslie who is playing 16 year old Gracie is actually 16 years old. Mostly difficult for the the kissing scenes for Leslie and for the censors.

Several of the actors are very familiar. Ward Bond (one of my favorites), Walter Brennan, George Tobias, Noah Beery Jr., Dickie Moore and of course, Timmy and Lassie's mom June Lockhart.

The Hunchback of Notredame (1939)

The Hunchback of Notredame (1939)

Charles Laughton - The Hunchback

Maureen O'Hara -- Esmerelda

Edmund O'Brien - Grigoire

Sir Cecil Hardwicke - Frollo

Fear of gypsies. Fear why? Because they were nomads? What bigotry when most of the inhabitants of France came from somewhere else. "You came yesterday, we come today."

An exciting time in Paris. The King as arrived for a visit and so have the gypsies. At the time, Paris consisted of a small island in the middle of the Seine that was dominated by the cathedral Notre Dame. That island is now "Isle de la Cité" (The Island of the City) and Paris encompasses so much more area surrounding that island. "I've observed in all my travels...the earth is flat. It is flat!" Says the doctor as the visiting King comments that he's interested in investing in the travels of Columbus.

The gypsies entertain the people. Not unlike traveling carnivals of today. During the celebration they are looking for someone to crown the "King of Fools." As the gypsy Esmarelda dances, she sees the eye of one observing her. That one? The Hunchback. Deaf from the bells of the church that he rings. Seeing him, the crowd crowns him "King of Fools," then parades him through the streets until the Priest ends the celebration to take Quasimodo, his charge, back to the solitary life in the church.

The dancer Esmerlda is on a mission to speak to the king. When she tries to speak to him, the police call out to arrest her since she is a gypsy. Her first instinct is to run to the church for the protection of sanctuary. While being taken to her protector, she takes the time to pray for protection. Her prayer is not for herself but the unselfish prayer for those in need, "Help my people. They are in great danger."

There are actually two principals at the church, the chief justice and the priest; moreover, they are brothers. One evil the other good. Evident not only by the plot but also symbolized by good brother wearing white while the evil brother wears black. The evil brother seeks to rid the church of Esmerelda. He has no grace or mercy in his heart but destruction. His desire is to destroy her and her people. He says because they are wicked when in truth it's because he is struggling with his own sinful passion.

While praying, she is overheard by the King. He who she is praying for an audience with. He promises to send her his answer to Notre Dame. Unfortunately, she cannot leave the church because she is living there in sanctuary. When she attempts to leave, the evil priest catches her begging her not to leave. Not for her own good but because of his own lusts. When she escapes his clutches, he sends Quasimodo after her.

She has left the sanctuary of the church because in that sanctuary is a danger worse than the police of the city. Immediately he sends Quasimodo after her. He captures her only to have her rescued by Captain Phoebus. Gringoire challenges Phoebus for her love but is rebuffed. He runs only to find an underworld. An city below the city. "Bow down! You are standing before the King of Beggars!" "Do you know where you are?" "The court of miracles."

Now, both Gringoire and Esmerelda have found refuge in this underworld. "Good intentions are not good enough. They haven't put an onion in a pot of soup yet!" When Gringoire fails the test as a thief, he is to be hung, unless one of the girls will marry him. To his rescue comes...Esmeralda.

Meanwhile, Quasimodo continues to search and return her to sanctuary. Unfortunately, before his is successful, he is taken into custody. After his capture, Quasimodo is sentenced to 40 lashes for disturbing the peace and an additional hour of exposure to the hot sun on the pillory. The crowd throws fruit, vegetables and trash at him. It is a hot day and, to the laughter of the crowd, he cries out for water. His benefactor the chief justice, comes to look but merely rides away. Who has mercy on him? Esmeralda. While the crowd laughs, she brings him water from her own flask. Fearing hatred he recoils until he understands her compassion and he then he freely drinks her water. He was already in love with her, now he is truly indebted to her.

She remains in the company of the "thieves" for safety. When she dances for them, Phoebus is watching closely. He takes her off to woo her. Unbeknownst to them, Frollo has seen where they've run off to. During their love making, Phoebus is murdered and Esmeralda is accused. "I have killed a man out of the love of a woman who has bewitched me." Frollo confesses his murderous act to his brother. His plan is to be rid of Esmeralda through her conviction.

She is subject to trial and torture but the decision is a result similar to drawing lots. The decision is against her so when she is lead to the gallows, Quasimodo climbs from his bell tower to rescue her and, for a second time carries her off, this time to safety crying "Sanctuary" as he carries her to the bell tower. We are further enlightened to Quasimodo's life as he talks at Esmeralda. "Eat, eat. I am going away so that you don't have to see my ugly face when you eat." "I never realized 'til now how ugly I am, because you are so beautiful. I'm not a man, I'm not a beast." As he cries, Esmeralda looks on with a pity filled with gratefulness. "Why did you save me?" she asks. Referring to his previous attempt, he answers, "I tried to carry you off and the next day you gave me a little water and pity." Esmeralda begins to understand that Quasimodo is not repulsive rather a poor misshapen soul. When excited, he makes beautiful music with his bells. "Big Marie! She made me deaf you know."

One day Quasimodo offers Esmeralda a bird in a cage. It's then that she is reminded that she, too is a caged bird, unable to be free. Quasimodo loves her yet is unable to share that love. They are two caged animals; one a prisoner of the law the other a prisoner of his unrequited love.

"Why was I not made of stone like these?" was Quasimodo's question, further lamentation upon the fact that the unlovely are rejects and most likely left to live a lonely life. The church of that time was filled with superstitions. This movie reveals them all. The despair of those who are unlovely, the reviled outcast is is disturbing yet exists even in today's society.

The lovely, redheaded Irish Maureen O'Hara dreamed of a career in the classical theatre and in opera. This was all changed when Charles Laughton "discovered" her in a screen test. He cast her in his moving "Jamaica Inn." Her next film was this one, the one which led to her success. By the time she was 19, she had already starred in two major motion pictures. Starting on top and remaining there today. This film was both Maureen O'Hara and Edmund O'Brien's American film debut.

If you are a credit watcher as I am, you know the name Westmore. The Westmores were the makeup dynasty in films spanning generations. Laughton was a perfectionist when it came to the makeup and costumes. In spite of it being done by Perc Westmore, Laughton argued about his makeup daily.

In today's Paris, Notre Dame still stands proudly on Île de la Cité. Across the river also stands, a 17th century building housing the Hotel Esmeralda. Twelve of the rooms look out onto the majestic cathedral as well as the oldest chapel in Paris, St. Julien le Pauvre.

Gay Divorcée (1934) - The first film written specifically for Rogers and Astaire

Guy Holden - Fred Astaire

Mimi Glossop - Ginger Rogers

Aunt Hortense - Alice Brady

Egbert "Pinky" Fitzgerald - Edward Everett Horton

Rodolfo Tonetti - Erik Rhodes

The Waiter - Eric Blore

Gay Divorcée opens in Paris. Attorney Egbert Fitzgerald and dancer Guy Holden are spending their last evening before returning to London where Egbert will be manning in his father's law office. Upon docking in London, their paths cross with Mimi and her Aunt Hortense where Guy makes a bad impression on her. Instantly smitten, he is determined to find her and sets about London in pursuit. "That shouldn't be difficult, after all there are only 3 million women in London!" comments Egbert when Guy announces his intentions.

Meanwhile, Mimi has come to London so that her aunt can help her obtain a divorce from her neglectful husband. In a twist of predictable, yet fun, Hollywood fate, Aunt Hortense takes Mimi to one of her former suitors, Egbert! "He went elephant hunting in India! Why would he go elephant hunting when he could marry me?"

Egbert arranges a rendevous with a corespondent in order to be discovered by a detective who in turn will inform her husband all designed in hopes that he will agree to a divorce. Eager to succeed with his case, Egbert quickly packs for the trip and suggests that lovelorn Guy come along. Reluctantly Guy agrees even though he pines all along the way.

Mimi jumps to all the wrong conclusions about Guy when she finds him at the resort . She mistakens him for the hired corespondent. Her opinion of him sinks even lower at the thought of his "career."

Mimi finally is resigned to the idea and invites him into her room to await the detective hired by Egbert to "discover" them. As Guy arrives he meets Aunt Hortense. Aunt Hortense to Guy: "She's making a clean sweep of the old. Yes, and you're the broom."

Once in, Guy attempts small talk however Mimi is only concerned with getting the entire thing over with. Mimi: "I don't care what you did as a boy!" Guy: "Well, I did nothing as a girl so there goes my childhood."

When Guy finally breaks down her barriers and discovers the misunderstanding. After he explains who he is and Mimi realizes who he isn't, she confesses to her purpose there. During this exchange, the actual hired corespondent arrives in her room. The mixup? Rather than clearing things up, all is further confused. Especially when the husband finally shows up. Mimi: "Am I Mrs. Brown?" Waiter: "Why no, you're Mrs. Green!" Guy: "Why strike me pink!"

Of course all of this is set around dancing and singing. After all, it was written to showcase their dancing.

Look closely at the specialty dancer (I still do not understand the "specialty" designation) in "Let's Knock Knees." It's Betty Grable singing and aggressively dancing her way around the resort with Edward Everett Horton who was once a song and dance man himself.

As an aside, being a bit of a foodie, I'm reminded of a head of radicchio in one of Miss Rogers' dances scenes. No, wait until you've seen it to make your decisions about my mental state.

One of the most interesting things about Fred Astaire's story is that he was not the star in the dance act he started out in. He got his start dancing with his sister Adele in a brother/sister act that was developed by their mother. Adele was the star. Fred went out on his own when Adele chose marriage over her dance career.

When he tested for RKO Pictures, the decision was "Can't sing. Can't act. Balding. Can dance a little." Astaire himself said the report actually stated "Can't act. Slightly bald. Also dances." Regardless, someone was shortsighted and the rest is history.

Also, in the team of Astaire and Rogers we often think of Fred Astaire as the leading star when in fact, Ginger Rogers had done 24 movies before she was teamed with Astaire in his very first film meaning that Rogers was the bigger star.

Astaire was a perfectionist. He insisted on the floors being polished before he danced and in his contract was the stipulation that he be showcased alone at least once in every movie.

Gay Divorcée is another fun mindless film that is a joy to watch and sing along too. Especially "The Continental." If you've seen "Home Alone" you may notice scenes that were lifted from this movie.

Stagecoach (1939)

Stagecoach (1939) "The movie that launched John Wayne's career"

Ringo Kid - John Wayne

Dallas (prostitute) - Claire Trevor

Buck (stagecoach driver) - Andy Devine

Hatfield (gambler) - John Carradine

Doc Boone (drunk doctor) - Thomas Mitchell

Mr. Peacock (meek Pastor) - Donald Meek

In the movie, Ford used Shoshone, Hopi, Navajo all Arizona tribes - not Apaches. Ford always used Indians as extras. Never using "spray paint."

Presented on TCM and introduced by Robert Osborne and Professor Hanay Geiogamah, professor of American Indian Studies at UCLA. It's interesting that during the discussion preceding the film, he doesn't refer to them as Native Americans but as Indians. Which is in my opinion, a refreshing change from so much political correctness. Full disclosure, I am 1/8th Cherokee and proud to be referred to as an Indian.

Typical John Ford movie has it all: comedy, drama, suspense, love, romance. He has the gift to be able to weave all elements through the story. Always important in creating a larger audience.

This movie is about a group of non-Indian outsiders. They are traveling from Arizona to New Mexico while evading yet being pursued by Indians. A point made by Professor Geiogamah is that both groups are or contain outsiders in American society.

However, not all of the passengers are societal outcasts. Included in the non-outcast group is the pregnant wife of a soldier. She is travelling to the fort where husband is stationed where she is hoping to rejoin him. Also included is a meek (pun intended as the actor portraying him is Donald Meek) Pastor traveling home to his family in Kansas City KS. The outcasts include the drunk doctor, the prostitute (both of whom were run out of town by the Law and Order League - the "respectable" women of town) "We are the victims of the disease of social prejudice my dear" says the drunk doctor to the prostitute as they are being escorted to the stagecoach that is leaving town' the bank manager who is running off with his client's money (he continually complains about the steps the government is taking to oversee banks including bank examiners—sound familiar?), the gambler, and the notorious jail escapé Ringo Kid. But the real outcasts of the film are the native Americans; specifically Geronimo!

When such a diverse group is brought together, there is excitement in the anticipation of how each is changed by the others. The first crisis occurs when they reach the fort only to find that the soldiers have gone on ahead. Even after this crisis, the social prejudice remains. "You can use my shoulder to lay your head on." says Dallas. "No thank you" replies the very travel weary Mrs. Mallory.

After a vote, they move on to the next stop only to discover that the soldiers have left to chase the Indians. They decide to press only but an additional crisis has arisen. Mrs. Mallory goes into labor. Here is where lives begin to be changed. "Savage!!!" "No, she's my wife." "Savage!!!" "Yes, she's a bit savage I think."

Unfortunately, the next day brings the attack of the Apaches so there is no rest for the new Mom and her babe. Even though it seems futile, they attempt to outrun the Apaches and reach the safety of the American military fast! At this point the intensity increases.

After the crises that they've experienced which has brought them together, reality is they are from different worlds. Mrs. Mallory: "Dallas, if there is ever anything I can do for..." Dallas: "I know." Dallas is fully aware of the chasm that separates their station in life.

Fun movie that reveals the social prejudice that existed and exists today. It also shows how short sighted many are...not taking into account the difficult circumstances that have lead to poor choices. More importantly, also portrayed is forgiveness that was not always abundant. A lesson to us that we need to understand what has brought people to the point where they live and to grant the forgiveness that is desired.

Ninotchka (1939) - "Garbo Laughs!" was the tag line.

Ninotchka - Greta Garbo

Leon - Melvyn Douglas

Grand Duchess Swana - Ina Claire

Razinin - Bela Lugosi

Iranoff - Sig Ruman

Buljanoff - Felix Bressart

Kupolski - Alexander Granach

Famous for her statement "I want to be alone!" Greta Garbo's wish was granted when she ended up alone for the final portion of her life. While living not far from her in NYC in the early 90's I often wondered about her. What was the genesis of her reclusiveness? Was it fear? How often does fear and insecurity drive us to lifestyles that we otherwise would not have chosen. Then there is the vicious circle of fear that leads to reclusiveness that leads to more fear that leads to more reclusiveness and on the circle goes. We look from the outside thinking that celebrities are on top of the world and have it all only to forget that they are just as human and frail as we are ourselves. We hold them up as special and/or superior only to be dismayed when they prove themselves to be just as normal as we are.

Greta Garbo was always known for playing tragic women. Anna Karenina, Marguerite in "Camille," Mata Hari, Anna Christie, Grusinskaya in "Grand Hotel." Women in desperate situations in which she dramatically plows through. Women whom we admire for their strength yet cry with as we view the circumstances that life has dealt them.

Ninotchka, is NOT another of those roles. This was, in fact, Garbo's first and only comedy. The joviality of her acting is so natural that it's hard to remember her previous roles. Unfortunately, her next movie BOMBED terribly so she bought out he own contract and made no more.

The time setting of the movie is the mid to late 1930's primarily in Paris. Three bolshevik delegates have been sent from Moscow with the People's Crown Jewels to negotiate a sale in order to obtain precious money to buy food for their hungry people.

Immediately they begin to compromise. "Gentlemen, we have a safe that meets the requirements of your case but I don't think it meets your convictions." Quickly they are confronted with the overwhelming contrast between their surroundings and their homeland. Being the humans that they are, they quickly become accustomed to the excesses of Parisienne high life.

When they meet with the jeweler for negotiations, his offer is not to their expectations. He tells them that he is actually taking a loss by purchasing them which leads them to their first comment about capitalism: "Capitalistic methods...they accumulate millions by taking loss after loss."

Unbeknownst to them, the exiled Grand Duchess Swana of Russia (to whom the jewels originally belonged) is a resident in the same hotel where they have decided to conduct the business of the Russian people. When she learns of their presence, she has her courtesan Leon deliver legal papers to stop all transactions (her lawyer won't because France is one of the countries that recognizes the Soviet Union which means the French courts will most likely rule against her). Running into snags is not a problem for the delegates, there are so many wonderful, fun distractions to occupy their time and Leon makes sure they begin enjoying them to the fullest right away.

Reports getting back to Moscow are not promising. The progress (rather lack thereof) of the transaction is not pleasing to the authorities. Enter Ninotchka, a loyal Soviet servant. Her diligent work earns her the privilege of a trip to the Paris to take care of matters.

Upon arrival she is continually disgusted not only with the excesses but with what she sees as inequality. Inequality that she believes socialism corrects. She is equally disappointed with the three delegates that have preceded her; how shamefully they have behaved while they have accomplished nothing. Ninotchka: "How much does this room cost?" Gentlemen commrades: "2,000 francs." N: "A week?" GC: "A day." N: "Comrades, do you know how much a cow costs? A cow costs 2,000 francs. If I stay here a week, I will cost the Russian people seven cows!"

Ninotchka immediately gets to work setting up a meeting with the interested parties to sell the jewels. In the meantime, she has decided explore the city determined to investigate the "public utilities and outstanding achievements." Her first encounter is with Leon; neither one knowing whom the other really is. He is charmed by her refreshing, no nonsense attitude. Leon: "I have been fascinated by your five year plan for the last fifteen years?" When she asks about the Eiffel Tower, he is unable to answer her questions so, he does what every suave man would do (at least to Hollywood writers), he follows her to the attraction. A determined man, he has purchased a guide book and has begun reading to her the facts about the tower. "there are 864 stairs but an elevator is included in the price of admission." Elevator or no, being the strong Russian woman that she is, she takes the stairs while he choose the elevator "included in the price of admission."

A bit annoyed at him, Ninotchka begins to realize her great fortune in having the perfect specimen for her to examine so she goes back to his apartment with him where there true identities are exposed. Leon: "Would you like something to eat?" Ninotchka's reply: "I've had all of my required calories today." She continues..."You are something we do not have in Russia. That is why I believe in the future of my country." "The whites of your eyes are clear. Your cornea are excellent." "Chemically we are already quite sympathetic." "Don't pity me, pity the Polish lancer, after all, I'm still alive."

With grace and fun, Garbo transforms her character from robotic to human and all the way to feminine. As the movie progresses she shows signs of weakening toward the things that capitalism has to offer. Is it the city? "I always felt so sad when the swallows deserted us for capitalistic countries. Now I understand why. We have the high ideals but they have the climate." Is it the Hotel? Is it Leon? "From what I've read, champagne is a strong drink. Does anyone ever get drunk from it?" No matter what the cause, she is falling in love.

Now, the real issue is that the Duchess wants Leon and wants Ninotchka to go home. After a night of too much partying, Ninotchka has been careless with her charge leaving the safe open for a hotel worker to return them to his Duchess who is now happy to return the jewels to the Russia, on one condition...Ninotchka leaves and sees Leon no more.

Though heart wrenching, she is able to make the selfless decision. Ninotchka is use to sacrifice. After all, she is from the Soviet Union where EVERYTHING is rationed. She lives in one large room with two other women, each with her section. In order to have a party, she and the three delegates ration their daily egg in order to have an omelette. Their party is spent reminiscing on the days spent in Paris which only further saddens them as they look around their meagre surroundings that it seems that they are forever to live in. No matter, their allegiance is to Russia.

Well, that is until the same three delegates are sent on a mission to Constantinople. An anonymous report comes back to Moscow saying "...they throw a carpet out of the window and complained to the management that it didn't fly!" Despite her protests, Razinin insists that she go "straighten" them out.

A fun, light hearted movie. It is pleasant to see and hear Garbo laugh. Could it be that only Ernst Lubitsch was able to draw the laughter from her? Would this movie change her life and the directoin of her future movies? How sad that we will never know since she withdrew from society to her Manhattan home not to be seen on the screen again.

And oh the quips! Too many to recount here. This movie is another must see!

Wee Willie Winkie (1937)

Priscilla 'Winkie' Williams - Shirley Temple

Sgt. Donald MacDuff - Victor McLaglen

Col. Williams - C. Aubrey Smith

Joyce Williams - June Lang

Lt. 'Coppy' Brandes - Michael Whalen

Khoda Khan - Cesar Romero

The title character as written by Rudyard Kipling, "Wee Willie Winkie" (Percivel Williams), was a boy. However, the studio was looking for a vehicle for their 'money honey' Shirley Temple at that time. One that would draw more adults (read more money) into the theaters. Enter, Priscilla Williams. The story is further tweaked to accommodate a young girl; rather than a young boy who attempts swashbuckling, we have a sweet, innocent girl who manages to endear herself to the hardest of hearts.

The setting is 1890's India. Having left home in America, widow Joyce Williams (Lang) and her daughter Priscilla (Temple) are travelling to northeast India to live with her father-in-law (Smith) at the British outpost. This was a time when if not taken in by family, widows struggled desperately and the Williams' situation was no different. Joyce believed that it was an answer to prayer when the Colonel wrote inviting them to come live with him. Financially, difficulties in life were indeed alleviated. Priscilla: "Will we live right in Grandfather's house?" Mother: "Of course." Priscilla: "Then we won't have to worry about the butcher or the grocer man?" Mother: "No, darling." Priscilla: (deep sigh) "Too bad we didn't get acquainted with Grandfather sooner!"

It seems though, that they exchanged their financial struggles with the stark, impersonal life found in the military. The Colonel is a career officer which never has left much time for family causing estrangement from his. Career militarists as well as missionaries often left their families in England while serving God and country in lands far away, a concept difficult to fathom in our day of instant communication. Even without the immediacy of communication, the distance lead to very difficult relationships. However, the phrase "buck up" comes to mind when considering this choice of lifestyle. Some accepted the distance as naturally as we accept our nearness. As an example, during his decades of ministry in China, Africa and India, missionary C.T. Studd was supported by his wife at home. Not only did she raise their family on her own, she also promoted and raised funds for his ministry.

Priscilla and her mother arrived at the train station in the middle of another Afghan incident. Khoda Khan (Romero) and his men were attempting to smuggle rifles out of the village. The efficient alertness of the British meant that Khan, the leader is quickly arrested and escorted off to incarceration at the military fort. Excitement that draws young Priscilla into the action. Khan takes note of her kindness and is left in wonderment at the young girl.

The fort is filled mostly with focused military men leading to a life of loneliness for both Priscilla and her mother. However, in true Shirley style, she walks about the fort trying to make friends with everyone. From the beginning, her Grandfather doesn't really know what to do with her since she's not at all like the military men that he is accustomed to. Both he and his daughter-in-law have much to learn from each other. Obviously he could learn to balance career with family but she must learn the lesson of duty and responsibility beyond herself.

The enlisted men are endeared to her but who's heart does she melt? Sgt. MacDuff (McLaglen). Big, gruff, barrel-chested, pugilist, MacDuff. He renames her Wee Willie Winkie and enlists her as a soldier in the Queens military. Outfitted with her own uniform she joins the troops for daily drills, MacDuff-carved little wooden rifle and all. The interaction between her and Sgt. MacDuff is quite moving as their friendship grows each day. Also that same precociousness begins to chip away at the stoniness of her grandfather's façade. inevitably, everyone comes under her irresistible spell to be changed forever.

As usual, Shirley has a heart of gold. She sees the good in everyone and cannot imagine evil in anyone. Because of this, she goes to visit her 'friend' Khoda Khan while in jail. Unbeknownst to her, she is aiding and abetting his rebellion. The Kashmir Pass is still disputed land between Afghan and Pakistan, a story that we see/hear reported on even today. However, in true Hollywood form, the diplomacy of a young girl solves the problems of the ages. Not only between the sparring tribes but also between those same tribes and the British government that is located there to bring peace.

This movie has it all, war, romance, spies, intrigue, and cultural information; a film for all. Most were not aware of Afghanistan and the Kashmir Pass not to mention the warring of the ages. How romantic it all seemed in the land far away from the great depression. Shirley Temple's movies were made during a time that this country needed distractions. In the year 1937 came a second dip, the depression within the depression. Despair was rampant. So many felt they were coming to the end of it all. How much longer could they hang on? Each of her films provided the upbeat message, all works out in the end, that everyone longed for.

Remember that the song of the period was "Happy Days Are Here Again!" despite the fact that happy days were not here again. It wasn't until World War II (1941/42) that our country began to pull out of the depression. Shirley Temple's movies were usually the same formula. Young girl facing difficult circumstances in life overcoming them all. The message? Our country will overcome, which it did famously.

Gigi (1958) Think "Pretty Woman"

Gigi - Leslie Caron

Gaston Lachaille - Louis Jourdan
Honoré Lachaille - Maurice Chevalier
Madame Alvarez - Hermione Gingold

As pure entertainment, this movie is a delight. The transformation of Gigi from an innocent, tomboyish school girl to elegant looking young lady is a wonder. Even though Leslie Caron was 31 when filming she indeed was convincingly impish in her portrayal of a young Gigi.

On the other hand, watching it now is difficult as I better understand exactly what the goal is. Having seen this movie many times it wasn't until recent years that I thoughtfully considered the story line.

After her mother "squandered" her life singing as an extra in operas, Gigi's grandmother (Hermione Gingold) is determined that Gigi not go down the same foolish artistic path.

Gigi is a young girl. Lovely yet playful who goes to her Aunt Alicia for lessons each week for lessons on becoming a lady ("Slowly Gigi, the racing season is over" her aunt admonishes upon her arrival for her lesson). She especially enjoys time with her good, and older, friend Gaston (Louis Jourdan who is only 11 years Caron's senior). Gaston portrays the bored socialite bachelor very well. It's only when he visits Gigi and her grandmother that he enjoys life whether just playing cards or traveling to the coast.

She doesn't stay young though and at the insistence of her Aunt Alicia, it is determined that Gigi be trained as a courtesan—for Gaston. An elegant and socially acceptable term for what is essentially an escort or prostitute.

Aunt Alicia and Grandmama are attempting this because they view it as Gigi's financial security. We're not privy to much of their history but Grandmama was at one time the courtesan for Gaston's uncle (Maurice Chevallier). That is, until he was tempted to marry her at which point he promptly left. Now that Grandmama ages alone, one wonders how she sees that as an advantage.

The problem with their plans, Gigi the fun-loving tomboy has other ideas. "Can't we just remain friends?" she begs Gaston. First of all, she's a young girl (when she's introduced to the viewer, Chevallier is singing "Thank God for Little Girls") who wants nothing to do with men, love and all that accompanies adulthood. Then too, her Aunt once taught her, "Wait for the first class jewels. Hold on to your ideals." A dichotomy obviously missed on Aunt Alicia.

After repeated rebellious outbursts, she calls for Gaston. "Gaston, I've been thinking. I would rather be miserable with you than without you." How many women have settled for a life of misery thinking, if not saying, the very same thing. A sad commentary for so many women in past eras. Hollywood has glammed up this story in a way that the viewer can forget what is actually happening.

The movie is very well done. The music is fun and light hearted. One of the songs encapsulates the aging mind so well. "You wore a gown of gold." "I was dressed in blue" "Ah yes, I remember it well." The songs are delightful and singalong easy.

A fact that I find lovely, and especially ironic for this movie, is that Louis Jourdan who convincingly plays the debonaire and often callous playboy is still married to his only wife after 66 years. Rare in today's America not to mention in Hollywood. And in France, it's becoming rare that couples marry at all.

The costumes in this movie were done by Cecil Beaton who was also the movie's scenery and production designer. Mr. Beaton also designed the gowns for My Fair Lady, another Pygmalion story. His touch is evident in the beautiful gowns that are showcased throughout the movie. At a couple of places it seemed that the scene was taken from My Fair Lady. Even though it was filmed after "Gigi," "My Fair Lady" was on stage from 1956 to 1962 so the scenes may have been been inspired by the stage version.

The book was written by Colette who recommended that Audrey Hepburn star just as she had on stage. Alan Lerner agreed but Miss Hepburn was unable. One is reminded of the hubbub when Miss Hepburn starred in "My Fair Lady" instead of Julie Andrews...but that's another review.

Don't let the ASPCA know, but in order to be included in scenes, the cat had to be heavily drugged. A point that my husband noted, "The cat looks dead!" For some reason it reacted violently to working with Miss Caron but Vincent Minnelli (director) insisted so the cat was "mellowed out."

Another bit of trivia: Lerner and Lowe collaborated on many musicals including "Gigi." However in this one, Alan Jay Lerner wrote the screen play as well.

Set and filmed in Paris, the movie is a fun watch as long as you don't take it too seriously.